-teiku verb form?

[Quiddity]

I know of the '-teiru' verb form, but what does the '-teiku' verb form mean? I know te makes the verb being used the 'gerund' but the 'iku' part is giving me problems. Here's an example:

空, æµ?ã‚Œã?¦ã?„ã??雲
Sora, nagareteiku kumo

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Quiddity said:
I know of the '-teiru' verb form, but what does the '-teiku' verb form mean? I know te makes the verb being used the 'gerund' but the 'iku' part is giving me problems. Here's an example:

空, æµ?ã‚Œã?¦ã?„ã??雲
Sora, nagareteiku kumo

[/ QUOTE ]

Hmmm...unless it's a typo, I think it's being used as a descriptor, i.e. the flowing cloud that goes. AFAIK, there isn't a -te iku form, but I'm no expert.

John.

[RichP]

Quoting a section (http://www.timwerx.net/language/jpverbs/lesson59.htm)of a website about Japanese verbs:

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the Te Form + kuru points to results or events leading up to the present or another point in time, while iku takes off from the present or another point in time, expresses future plans, dreams, assumptions, etc.

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The Te Form + kuru form is most commonly known from the traditional Itte kimasu! or Itte kuru that is said when one is leaving the house or going out.

[JohnThacker]

[ QUOTE ]
Quiddity said:
I know of the '-teiru' verb form, but what does the '-teiku' verb form mean? I know te makes the verb being used the 'gerund' but the 'iku' part is giving me problems. Here's an example:

空, æµ?ã‚Œã?¦ã?„ã??雲
Sora, nagareteiku kumo

[/ QUOTE ]

The "iku" here, although often written simply ã?„ã?? in hiragana, can be thought of as è¡Œã??.

You'll also see '-tekuru' forms, too. Again, they are often written with ã??ã‚‹, but their meaning originates with æ?¥ã‚‹.

While gerund + iru implies that something exists (generally stationary) while the condition of the gerund holds, gerund + iku and gerund + kuru imply movement or change. They work in two different ways:

The first is a literal type of movement. In these cases, "-teiku" or "-tekuru" means a literal going to or coming to a place while the other verb is happening. E.g., "motte iku" - "holding something, go," meaning "to take or carry it somewhere." or "kimono wo kite iku" - "wearing a kimono, go," meaning to go wearing a kimono. "kaette kuru" - "having bought it, come," or what it English we would phrase "go and buy" (and imply coming back). There's also the familiar "itte kimasu!" from anime-- "I'll come (back) having gone somewhere," or "I'll go somewhere and come back."

The second type has to do with movement or change over time. Here, the "-tekuru" is easier to explain and more common in my experience than "-teiku." It's similar to the English "come to X," or "begin to X." Generally it's the process of a change, often graduate, arriving at the current time. "ame ga futte kuru" - "It's beginning to rain." "wakatte kuru" - "come to understand" When it's "-teiku" it's similar, but implies a movement or change starting or coming from the current momement (the place in time where the speaker arrives.) It implies that something is starting to happen now, and will continue as part of a gradual process of change. æµ?ã‚Œã?¦ã?„ã?? implies that something is about to start flowing, and will continue to flow. It further implies a gradual change in state from not flowing to flowing more and more, as when it starts raining.

With "kuru" the destination and focus is on the present time, the current position in space-time of the speaker. With "iku" the destination of the event is in the future, away from the speaker. Both emphasize a gradual process of change. They can be in the past tense as well, "増ã?ˆã?¦ã??ã?Ÿ" means "has begun to increase" or "has come to increase."

[Quiddity]

Ah... I was kinda thrown off by the fact that they use the actual kanji 行 throughout the document I'm translating when using the verb 'iku' but don't in this circumstance and a few others. Thanks once again! /images/graemlins/happy.gif

[JohnThacker]

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Quiddity said:
Ah... I was kinda thrown off by the fact that they use the actual kanji 行 throughout the document I'm translating when using the verb 'iku' but don't in this circumstance and a few others. Thanks once again! /images/graemlins/happy.gif

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You're welcome.

It seems to be a common practice to use actual kanji when the literal, concrete meaning of a verb is used, but to use hiragana when a verb is used for an implied meaning as a helping verb. Another similar case is with 'oku.' You'll see it written as ç½®ã?? when you actually mean something being put or placed somewhere, but very often as ã?Šã?? when it has the derived meaning of doing something ahead of time or in advance. (-teoku) E.g., è²·ã?£ã?¦ã?Šã?? - "buy in advance/ buy for later."

In some cases the alternate meaning for an identically-pronounced, obviously related verb was formerly written with a non-jouyou kanji. E.g., 点�る read ��る for making tea, or 謂� for �� meaning "is named or is called" something, obviously related to 言�. Hiragana are now commonly used in place of non-jouyou kanji. It's all part of the fun of having a preexisting spoken language that was grafted onto a borrowed writing system.